December 1,2003

KathyPhelan

Math G

Final

Albert Einstein

Final Paper

Submitted:  December 1, 2003

by:

Kathy Phelan

“I vill a littlet’ink.”

Banesh Hoffmann recounting thephrase Einstein used

when he needed more time to thinkabout something;

quoted in French, Einstein:  A Centenary Volume, p. 153

 [from The Quotable Einstein, page 214)

    Most people have heard of Albert Einstein.  His face is recognizable on t-shirts, posters and coffeemugs.  His name is associated withthe famous e=mc² formula, the Nobel Prize and his eccentricities.  Some people have called Einstein agenius, others have called him, “completely cuckoo”, J. RobertOppenheimer, [fromThe Big Idea, page 95].  WhenEinstein arrived in America he was treated as a celebrity, a hero and a legend.  He was a complicated man that believedin simplicity.  This paper willhelp to introduce you to Einstein, but will also introduce you to the conceptof how our own world views and perspectives include our perceptions.  Perhaps it will help you to see that totruly understand someone or something else, you must take a closer look atyourself.

    While you read this paper keep in mind that we have a hard time tryingto know ourselves, let alone someone else.  So, how do we understand Einstein? (or anyone else for thatmatter?)  There have been people inmy life whom I thought I knew, but then I realized they were not who I thoughtthey were.  Yet, in othersituations I have met strangers for the first time and felt like I had knownthem all my life.  I have no ideawhat the connection is – only that it is.  While reading and researching about Albert Einstein, I’msurprised by how much more I think I know him as a person…or do I?

Albert Einstein - The Person

    Ulm, Germany, where Einstein was born had a curious town motto:  “The people of Ulm are mathematicians.”  [from Understanding Einstein, page 126.] The town adoptedthis slogan during a period of prosperity.  Presumably, the people of Ulm had to do a lot of calculatingto keep track of their income. Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879. 

    His father, Hermann had struggled to make a living for many years.  A year after Albert was born his father’selectrical goods business failed, and the family moved to Munich to live withHermann’s brother, Jakob. Here Hermann and Jakob established an

electrical and engineering firm.  Albert’s childhood was unassuming.  He was a dreamy

child and seemed to learn rather slowly.  He attended a Catholic school, where hefound

himself the only Jew in his class.  Most of his teachers prided themselves on behaving

like bossy, sergeant majors.  Albert was bored, learned little and developed a grudge

against authority which remained with him throughout hislife.  His teachers felt that he

didn’t apply himself as much as he could.  He was also prone to temper tantrumsuntil

he was almost seven years old.  At home his mother made him study the violin, which

he enjoyed and learned to play well – anotherattribute that remained with him for life.

The quality that drove Albert Einstein as a child was hisinnate curiosity and sense of

wonder.  Einsteinnever lost his sense of wonder. One of the most profound moments

in Albert’s life was when his father brought home acompass to help him occupy his

time.  Albertwas intrigued by the magnetic compass. He needed to know what made

the compass needle swing.  There had to be some hidden force behind it, making it

move, he thought. 

    At the same time, Einstein’s Uncle, “Onkel Jakob”introduced him to algebra.  “Itis a

merry science,” he explained.  “When the animal we are hunting cannot be caught, we

call it x temporarily and continue to hunt it until it isbagged.”  [from The Big Idea, page

13.]   Albert Einstein taught himself, paidlittle or no attention to his teachers and preferred to follow his owninterests and do things his own way.  From that, the result was an exceptional depth of knowledge,but it was also accompanied by difficulty with even the most elementaryexams.  Regardless, the rumor aboutEinstein not being good at math, isn’t true.  He was a child prodigy when it came to math and taughthimself more about math by the age of 14 than he could ever learn in school.  This is one key to understandingEinstein.  Even at a young age, hefelt that people can learn a lot about studying concepts and ideas, but toreally understand them, people have to work out the concepts forthemselves. 

     Although Albert’s parents wereJewish, they were very liberal about their beliefs.  They followed some Jewish customs, but were relaxed comparedto the strict orthodox standards. Albert was introduced to philosophy by a medical student friend.  Thank God Albert’s parents wereliberal thinkers that supported anything that might help expand Albert’sknowledge about the world.  Afterstudying the works of Kant and other philosophers, along with a 20-volumeseries on science for young people, Albert’s views on religion hadchanged…drastically.  He wasconvinced that most of the stories in the bible couldn’t possibly be trueand believed that young people were being deliberately lied to by thestate.  This conviction laid thegroundwork for Albert to question the truth behind many widely held beliefsconcerning religion, government, politics, and of course, science.  He became a free thinker in thestrongest sense, a quality that would make him many friends and …enemies.  Einstein found many of the stories inthe Old Testament to be inconsistent with science and reason, yet he alsorealized that many people considered the stories to be symbolic in naturerather than historical.  He knewthat the important thing was (and is) to respect other people’s beliefs.  No one holds a monopoly on the truth.

    Upon turning his back on religion, Albert devoted himself to math andmusic.  He loved to play theviolin.  In typical fashion, hegave up the regimented mastery of scales and boring musical pieces in favor ofteaching himself the music that he liked. 

In 1894, when Einstein was 15 his father’s businessfailed.  His family moved to Milan,Italy, but Albert was left behind at a boarding house in Munich so he couldreceive his diploma.  Within sixmonths Einstein had a nervous breakdown and was expelled because his presencein class was “disruptive and disturbs the other pupils.”  Einstein viewed the school as acombination of deceit, irrelevance and boredom.  He wanted nothing better to do than join his family in Italy.  He had never been happier.  He did not attend school, but he didwrite a paper about the relationship between electricity, magnetism and theether (the invisible medium that transmitted electromagnetic waves).  On a professional level, his paper hadnothing original to say, but it was a remarkable feat for a sixteen yearold.  It also showed that hecontinued to think about magnetism and how it traveled through space (i.e., theearlier compass question). 

    Einstein was becoming aware of his gifted intellect, which outstrippedall other students in math and physics, and this gave him a pronounced selfassurance.  This, combined with adegree of immaturity, made him appear cocky, arrogant and insolent.

Albert Einstein - ThePhilosopher

“Whatever there is of Godand goodness in the universe, it must work itself out and express itselfthrough us.  We cannot stand asideand let God do it.”

From a conversation recorded byAlgernon Black, Fall 1940; Einstein Archive 54-834 [from The Quotable Einstein,page 152.)

    About 25 centuries ago, a Greek philosopher stated that the only thinganyone requires to be a good philosopher is the sense of wonder.  It is said that this is true forphysicists as well - for ideas are the beginning of all physics and without theinsatiable curiosity to know what lies behind the veil of nature, we wouldstill be stuck on the evolutionary scale somewhere behind pine trees.

    As we’ve discussed earlier, Einstein had an innate curiosity andsense of wonder.

Almost all youngsters exhibit this child-like quality, butit seems to disappear in most

people with age. Einstein attributed much of his love for physics throughout his life to

this feeling of wonder, which he never lost.

    The word physics comes from the Greek word physika, meaning “naturalthings,” or

the study of nature. It has come to mean a little more than that in the last 300 years, but

in the beginning physics was simply the study ofnature.  Where do you start such a

study?  One wayis by asking questions, (which is why most physicists are also good

philosophers.)  Physicsbegins with a question, followed by a long process of hunting

for solutions, some work, some don’t.  Long ago a group of philosophers beganthinking

in a new way. Instead of seeing the world as a playground, they began to apply

reason as a means to comprehend the ways of nature.  The most fundamental

question that was asked by these philosophers is really nodifferent from the question

Albert Einstein asked years later:  “What is the underlying order that is hidden in

nature?” The question lead to others, such as, “What is the most basicsubstance of the

universe?” and “Is the structure of nature basedon mathematics, processes or

substances?” Physics begins with ideas.  Ideas are based on reason and logicand, in

almost all cases, follow observations of the naturalworld.  However, instead of relying

only on observation and reason to come to a conclusion,modern science utilitizes

experimentation and mathematics to establish proofs of theideas.  One could say that

mathematics is the language of physics.

    Einstein believed that ideas can be understood in many ways.  The use of

analogies are one way to comprehend difficult concepts.  Two other ways are through

the use of reason and intuition.  Aristotle embodied the use of reason and logic.

In addition, it’s always important to question anytheory – you never know where that

questioning might lead.  One philosopher, Plato, examined how we acquire knowledge

about the world in which we live.  He felt that the first task of a philosopher is to

determine the reality or truth behind the way thingsappear.  The goal of discovering

reality is still one of the major goals of physics.

    Remember that the basis for the study of the universe begins with askingquestions.

When you develop a system of thought that answers thesequestions, you’re on your

way to a greater degree of understanding.  Whether this system survives depends on

how well it works. We use what works and discard it when we find something that

seems to work better. Belief systems are intertwined with philosophical ideas and

scientific models, so even if a thinker developed mathematicsthat helped to explain

the physical mechanics of how something operated, he/shewould run into trouble if the

explanation was in conflict with the belief system that wentalong with it.  Einstein said,

“the beliefs we hold come from our lifeexperiences.  We consider thesebeliefs to be

true, but are they the truth?”  Philosophers have argued that manybeliefs are relative in

nature and change according to our experiences.  The opposite is also true.  If you

change your belief; you also change how you experience theworld. 

    Einstein believed that one of the basic premises is that philosophy andphysics are very closely linked in terms of the types of questions theyask.  Each of these areas of studyalso can affect the development of the other.  Physics and philosophy continue to feed off each other.

Albert Einstein –Theoristand Physicist

After moving to Milan, Italy with his family, Albert resumedhis academic studies.  He

wanted to enter the famous Polytechnic Institute in Zurich,Switzerland.  Albert had to

take the entrance exam that proved to be a rude awakening.  Although he was

recognized as a prodigy in mathematics, the rest of his scoresin liberal arts were

not so good.  Hehad to return to another school nearby to finish his last year before

attending the Institute in Zurich.

    Photos from this period of time show Einstein as a handsome young manwith dark

curly hair, a moustache and a confident air.  He had a lively and self-confidentsocial

manner, with a definite edge, and he enjoyed laughingnoisily.

    While attending the Institute, Einstein would rarely show up forlectures.  He was

dismissive toward his professors and refused to obeyinstructions, preferring his own

more up to date methods.  For the most part Einstein spent his time reading avidly,

working his way through the latest advances in physics.  In between reading and

research, Einstein would meet his university friends at aCafé where students hung out. 

He started smoking a pipe and his favorite drink was icedcoffee.  Einstein had a small

circle of friends. All of them were bright, studying math or physics and obsessed with

the ultimate questions of science. 

    In 1900 Einstein borrowed lecture notes from a friend and took his finalexams.  He

soon began applying for jobs.  He spent a lot of time job hunting when he first

graduated.  Hisfather’s business in Italy had serious financial difficulties, and his

family needed money. He wrote letters to every physics department in Europe inquiring

about a position. He didn’t get one response. His father even wrote a few letters,

almost begging his former instructors to give his son aposition.  No luck.  Einstein

was off to a rough start.  He did finally manage to land a few substitute teaching

positions that helped out a bit.  His attitude toward discipline ensured that he was a

popular, though ineffectual teacher.  During his free time he continued withhis

research, which had now begun to focus on the possibility ofa link between molecular

forces and the force of gravity that acted over vastdistances. 

    Einstein was 23 and desperately poor by the time he buried himself inhis scientific

research.  Whenthe going got tough, Einstein would escape into his abstract world.

During this period he produced a number of scientificpapers.  It is considered the

miracle year in physics.  In 1905 Einstein sent four papers to the Annalen derPhysik,

the foremost physics journal in Germany. 

    The first paper was entitled, “On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerningthe Production and Transformation of Light.”  Heuristic is a term commonly used in computer programming,referring to new ways for computer systems to learn.  The meaning of the word comes from German and simply means “helpingto discover or learn.” Einstein developed the theory of the photoelectric effect.  What Einstein proposed is that lightenergy came in chunks, or quanta (comes from the Latin word meaning “howmuch”), energy.  The waveacted as the carrier of these chunks or quanta of energy.  These special quanta of light came tobe called photons (a particle of light). The energy contained in each photon depended on its color, orfrequency.  Einstein said that theenergy of a photon (E) is equal to Planck’s constant (a mathematical constant,it relates energy’s particle nature to its wave nature.  6.626 divided by 10 million, divided byone billion, divided by one billion, and again, divided by one billion.  Or, 6.626 x 10 to the negative 34thpower) (h) times the frequency (f). 

E = hf. 

This formula is pretty simple.  One of the great things about almost all of Einstein’s

formulas are that they were simple and easy tounderstand.  The brilliance ofEinstein’s

mathematics was that he was able to derive simple equationsfrom a lot of work. 

Einstein’s revolutionary idea was that light waveswere streams of individual particles. 

But, how could light be made of these small particles?  Light was a wave and waves

aren’t made up of tiny particles.

    Einstein was in a situation, it worked but it didn’t fit with theaccepted idea of reality. 

Even Einstein’s equation contained elements of both qualitiesof light.  Frequency (f) is

associated with waves, Planck’s constant (h) relatesto particles.  So the formulaitself

contained aspects of both the wave and particle natures oflight.

    Albert spent the next 20 years trying to resolve this dual nature oflight.  Much of his

work on the subject was never published, but it reflectedhis drive to find a single theory

that would encompass both the wave and particle natures oflight. 

In 1951, Einstein wrote a letter to his long time friendMichele Besso.  In it, he said:

“All these 50 years of conscious brooding havebrought me no nearer to the question: What are light quanta? Nowadays every Tom, Dick and Harry thinks he knows it, but he is mistaken.” [from UnderstandingEinstein, page 159.]

That is as true now as it was then.  No one really knows exactly what lightis.  All

we know is that it can be both a particle and wave.  And that’s the paradox.  How many

things do you know of that can be two different things atexactly the same time?

    “A new Determination of the Size of Molecules” isEinstein’s second paper to appear in the famous Annalen der Physik.  This paper is probably one of the easiest to

understand. Einstein’s paper conclusively proved that molecules exist.  He worked from

the assumption that molecules existed, and by combining thatwith what were known of

Brownian motion, (Brownian motion, named after Robert Brown,refers to the motion of

particles suspended in a liquid.  These particles, which appear to just jiggle around

randomly, are being moved by a huge number of molecules thatmake up the liquid and

collide with the particles in suspension), he added the powerfulstatistical mathematical

methods he had mastered in his earlier papers.  He showed that he could estimate the

number of molecules per cubic centimeter of liquid, as wellas the size of the individual

molecules.  Einstein’smathematical description of Brownian motion is known today as

“the random walk,” because his formula works notonly for molecular collisions, but can

also be used to describe the path of a drunk as he staggersdown the street.  In other

words, when you have one too many drinks, your movement downthe street as you

bounce off lampposts, parking meters and other people can beaccurately described

with a scientific forumula. 

    Einstein’s third paper was published without reference to anyprevious sources.  This was unheardof, because all proper scientific papers always referred to previous

contributions and theories by other scientists in the field.  But no one had ever written

anything on the ideas that Einstein put forth in thispaper.  It was unique and stood on

its own. “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies”, the paper was aradically new

idea and few people could understand the concepts he haddeveloped.  The paper

contained very little math, which was not typical and itcontained the thought

experiments that Einstein used as the basis for explaininghow his theories worked. 

Einstein mathematically derived a formula involvingdifferent speeds, the speed of light,

and how they relate to each other.  He called it his relativity factor.  If you’re on board a

spaceship traveling at half the speed of light, according tothe relativity factor your time

interval between events would be 15 percent shorter than thetime interval between

events for someone at rest on Earth.  For on hour of time that passes onboard your

ship, one hour and nine minutes pass by on Earth.  That’s because 115 percent of 60

minutes is 69 minutes. It’s important to realize that this is not a perceived change in

time.  This isactual time for both individuals. Time passes slower at speeds

approaching the speed of light. 

    Einstein was very disappointed by the reaction to his paper on relativity.  Quite a few years passed before itachieved the recognition he felt it deserved.  Einstein was perceived as cocky, but his work came from aposition of confidence and self-assurance rather than from arrogance.  He felt that his theories could beexplained so simply that they had to be right.  For the rest of his life in physics, Einstein’s ideasabout what worked and what didn’t work always proved to be extremelyaccurate.  Einstein knew intuitivelywhich experiments were correct and which ones weren’t. 

    The relativity of time and the constant speed of light are at the coreof Einstein’s theory of relativity. Two of the most important implications of the relativity theory are thattime stops at the speed of light and that the length of an object becomes zeroto the observer when it reaches the speed of light.

    Einstein’s fourth paper, entitled, “Does an Object’sInertia Depend on Its Energy Content?” was presented much like his otherthree.  It contained hardly anymath and presented a few good experiments.  Contained in just three short pages of

his paper was the equation that would become his most wellknown:  E = mc².  In English, this formula states thatmass (m) equals energy (E) divided by the speed of light (c) squared (²).

    That’s all there is to it. The formula says that all objects with mass have an equivalent amount ofenergy of mass, which equals the object’s mass times the square of thespeed of light, which is an extremely large number.  In other words, even the smallest amount of matter containsan incredible amount of energy.  Ifyour mass is around 150 pounds, you contain enough energy of mass to power asmall city for a week, if only you could convert it.  In almost all cases, this energy is unavailable for use,which is one of the reasons why no one discovered it before Einstein did.  It couldn’t be converted intoother forms of energy such as heat, electricity, or light.  However, almost 40 years after thefamous formula was published, the first nuclear bomb converted the energy ofthe mass of a small amount of uranium into kinetic energy, demonstrating thatit was in fact possible to convert matter into energy.  Einstein’s equation is not the formulafor the atomic bomb.  It only givesthe description of the relationship between mass and energy.  It did, however, lead to the physicsthat made the development of the bomb possible.  Einstein hated his association with it.

    I think it’s important to point out that generally physicists fallinto two main categories:  thosewho experiment and those who theorize. This division is the source of many disagreements, because sometimestheory says something should work that experimentation contradicts.  Einstein always preferred theory toexperiment.

Albert Einstein – TheTeacher

    Albert Einstein is often remembered as the absent minded, kindly old professor.  He became a much wiser and moreinsightful man, who had learned important truths about human nature in his lateryears.  But the young Albert was aless perceptive man who was not as aware of the needs of others, and this lackof awareness was a deliberate choice he made.  After the publication of Einstein’s papers, the worldof physics slowly began to recognize his achievements.  Einstein knew that a whole new world ofpossibilities lay before him and he figured that one day soon the universitieswould come looking for him.  Turnsout, they were slow in coming.

    In June 1907 Einstein applied for a position as a private teacher at theUniversity of Bern.  He wasrejected for not turning in a thesis specifically written for the department towhich he was applying.  At the sametime Einstein was approached to write an article on his theory ofrelativity.  The administration atthe University of Bern decided they could afford to bend the rules a little bitto allow someone of Einstein’s caliber to teach for them.  Einstein had three students in hisclass in his first semester.  Thefollowing year he had only one student, so he canceled the classaltogether. 

    In 1909 the Einstein’s moved back to Zurich, where Einstein tookup an associate professorship.  Thestudents were at first perplexed by the sight of this scruffy young man, whosetrousers were too short and whose hair was too long, holding lecture notes,that he ignored because he preferred to follow his own train of thought.  Einstein was not fond of giving formallectures, nor did he really like people. Albert’s ambition to full professorship was not to seek more andmore prominent positions in the academic world.  What he sought were jobs in which he could pursue hisresearch and teaching, and of course receive a little more money. 

    In 1911 Einstein was offered a full professorship at the German Universityin Prague.  In 1914 Einstein wasmade director of physics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin.  He was thirty five years old andacademically he had at last arrived. He could continue his research undisturbed and only required to give theoccasional lecture. 

    It was during this period of time that Einstein realized that he wouldnot compromise his love of physics for his love of his wife, Mileva.  The search for the meaning of gravitybecame his sole obsession.  Forhim, physics would always come first, it’s not that he didn’t careabout people – he was very concerned with humanity as a whole.  But on a personal level, his passionand conscious focus was on the hidden workings of nature and not withindividual relationships.  Hedecided to end his marriage with Mileva.

Albert Einstein – The Genius

    You would think that Einstein would have received numerous Nobel prizesfor physics.  But as it turns out,he was awarded only one.  Thecommittees at the time were very wary of awarding prizes for speculative theories.  Most Nobel prizes were given for experimentalrather than theoretical physics.  InNovember 1921, which was when Einstein received his prize for the discovery oflight quanta, the special theory of relativity was considered toospeculative.  All in all, Einsteinwould be nominated for Nobel prizes five times, but he never made aparticularly concerted effort to win them. 

    Einstein never doubted the importance of his work or that one day hiswork would be recognized and rewarded. He was well aware of the ludicrous aspect of his celebrity.  As a form of self-protection he playedup his eccentricity.  Although creativelyhe was a genius.  He had remarkableinsight and the ability to look at the same issue from a number of differentviews.  He was not attached to anyone particular interpretation, which reflected his personal desire tounderstand, rather than to invest his ego in any one perspective.   

    Before Einstein was cremated, an autopsy was performed to learn theexact cause of death.  His brainwas removed and carefully examined under a microscope to see if anything couldbe discovered that might give a physical clue to his genius.

Albert Einstein – The Pacifist

“I am not only a pacifistbut a militant pacifist.  I amwilling to fight for peace…Is it not better for a man to die for a causein which he believes, such as peace, than to suffer for a cause in which hedoes not believe, such as war?”

From an interview on a visit tothe United States, 1931; quoted in Alfred Lief, ed., The Fight against War

(New York:  John Day, 1933) [from The QuotableEinstein, page 116.)

    Einstein’s pacifist beliefs were a major part of who he was.  From an early age, he dislikedauthoritarian behavior, the military mentality and any groups, religious orpolitical, that held themselves to be superior to others.  Einstein’s beliefs demonstratedthe perspective from which he saw the world.   

    Einstein lobbied long and hard for international disarmament and did allhe could to counter the growing tide of anti-Semitism in Germany.

Kathy Phelan – TheStudent

     There is so much more I could write aboutAlbert Einstein.  I havedeliberately left out what seems to be a handful of important events inEinstein’s life.  Forinstance, his job at the patent office seemed to take on great importancethroughout my research, and his marriage to his cousin also seemed to beimportant.  To me, they were notany more (or less) important than the other events I shared in this paper.  All of the books, web sites and papers I’vefound in my research are essentially the same - they were just told indifferent story formats.  Some ofmy resources were inconsistent in regard to dates, or the titles of papers thatEinstein published.  I also havefound inconsistencies with the year he received the Nobel prize, why hedivorced his first wife, Mileva, how he felt about his children and othersupposed facts about his life. None were so inconsistent that it really mattered (to me), though. 

     Regardless, the message I received fromworking on this paper is to be free, be an independent thinker, be curious andask questions, use one’s intuition and be guided by one’s consciouswhile looking at the bigger picture and seeing outside of the individual. Forme, that’s “what it’s all about.”

     I am not a genius, but I know I havegenius qualities.  Whether societyand its rules and regulations have converted me into a follower, I’llnever know – but I hope not. I do know that I have an innate sense of curiosity and I’ve alwaysasked questions.  As I’vegrown older I feel a stronger sense of doing great things for the “goodof the group.”  Itisn’t what Albert Einstein discovered, researched or theorized thatimpressed me about his life.  Rather,learning who he was and what he believed – that he remained true tohimself throughout his life is what motivates and inspires me.  

     In closing, it amazes me how many books,etc., have published quotes and sayings from Albert Einstein.  It really makes one wonder ifit’s all true.  I’llclose with this quote:

“In the past it never occurred to me that everycasual remark of mine would be snatched up and recorded.  Otherwise I would have crept furtherinto my shell.”

“Einstein to his biographer Carl Seelig, October25, 1953 [from The Quotable Einstein, Preface and Acknowledgements.]  

Sources

The Big Idea Einstein and Relativity – PaulStrathern, 1997 Doubleday

Einstein’s Brainchild Relativity Made RelativelyEasy! – Barry Parker, 2000 Prometheus Books

Albert Einstein The Incorrigible Plagiarist –Christopher Jon Bjerknes, 2002 XTX, Inc. 

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to UnderstandingEinstein - Gary Moring, M.A., 2002 alpha books Macmillan USA, Inc.

Einstein’s Dreams – Alan Lightman, 1993Warner Books

The Quotable Einstein – Collected and Edited byAlice Calaprice, 1996 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and PrincetonUniversity Press

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/mathematicians/einstein.html,viewed on November 20, 2003 at 9:00 p.m. and again on November 23, 2003 at 2:40p.m.

http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/,viewed on November 15, 2003 at 4:00 p.m.